Atomska zgradba je temelj za razumevanje kemije - od tega,... Show more
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Updated Apr 15, 2026
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Osnove atomske zgradbe in periodnega sistema
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Osnove atomske zgradbe
Atom je kot miniaturno osončje - v središču je jedro s protoni in nevtroni, okoli njega pa krožijo elektroni po določenih energijskih nivojih. Razporeditev elektronov določa, kako se element obnaša v kemijskih reakcijah.
Vrstno število (Z) pove število protonov in hkrati "identiteto" elementa. V nevtralnem atomu je število elektronov enako številu protonov. Masno število (A) pa je vsota protonov in nevtronov v jedru.
Izotopi so atomi istega elementa z različnim številom nevtronov. Na primer ogljik lahko ima 12, 13 ali 14 delcev v jedru - vsi so še vedno ogljik, ker imajo 6 protonov.
Zapomni si: Število protonov = vrstno število = "osebna izkaznica" elementa!
Elektronska konfiguracija in orbitale
Elektronska konfiguracija je način, kako zapišemo razporeditev elektronov po orbitalah. Orbitale so prostori, kjer najverjetneje najdemo elektron - vsaka sprejme največ 2 elektrona.
Poznamo štiri tipe orbital: s orbitale (krogla, 1 orbitala), p orbitale (ročke, 3 orbitale), d orbitale (5 orbital) in f orbitale (7 orbital). Elektroni najprej zapolnijo orbitale z nižjo energijo.
Tri zlata pravila zapolnjevanja: Aufbaujev princip (od najnižje energije navzgor), Pavlijevo načelo (v orbitali največ 2 elektrona z nasprotnim spinom) in Hundovo pravilo (v orbitalah z enako energijo najprej po eden elektron).
Pazi: 4s orbitala ima nižjo energijo kot 3d - to je pogosta past na testih!
Vrstni red zapolnjevanja orbital
Elektroni zapolnjujejo orbitale po določenem vrstnem redu: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p... Ta vrstni red si lahko zapomniš s pomočjo diagonalne sheme v periodnem sistemu.
Hundovo pravilo pomeni, da v treh p orbitalah elektroni najprej zapolnijo vsako z enim elektronom (↑↑↑), šele nato se začnejo pariti (↑↓↑↓↑↓). To je kot sedenje v avtobusu - najprej se posede vsak sam, šele nato skupaj.
Pavlijevo načelo zahteva, da sta elektrona v isti orbitali z nasprotnim spinom. To predstavimo s puščicama gor in dol (↑↓).
Nasvet: Pri reševanju nalog vedno najprej preštej elektrone, nato jih razporedi po orbitalah!
Povezava s periodnim sistemom
Perioda (vrstica) pove številko najvišje zasedene elektronske lupine. Elementi v 3. periodi imajo valenčne elektrone v 3. lupini .
Skupina (stolpec) za glavne skupine pove število valenčnih elektronov. 1. skupina ima 1 valenčni elektron, 17. skupina (halogeni) jih ima 7, 18. skupina (žlahtni plini) pa 8 (razen helij).
Periodni sistem je razdeljen na bloke: s-blok (skupini 1 in 2), p-blok , d-blok (prehodne kovine) in f-blok (lantanoidi in aktinoidi). Ime bloka pove, katera orbitala se zadnja polni.
Povezava: Elementi v isti skupini imajo podobne lastnosti, ker imajo enako število valenčnih elektronov!
Praktični primeri
Za klor razporedimo 17 elektronov: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁵. Najvišja lupina je n=3 z 2+5=7 elektroni, zato je klor v 17. skupini.
Če imamo konfiguracijo 1s²2s²2p⁶3s², preštejemo elektrone: 2+2+6+2=12. To je magnezij (Mg), ki je v 3. periodi in 2. skupini (2 valenčna elektrona).
Za izotop ³⁹K: kalij ima Z=19, torej 19 protonov in 19 elektronov. Število nevtronov = A-Z = 39-19 = 20.
Trik: Za krajši zapis uporabi žlahtni plin iz prejšnje periode: Cl = [Ne]3s²3p⁵
Ioni in dodatni nasveti
Ioni nastanejo z oddajanjem ali sprejemanjem elektronov. Njihova elektronska konfiguracija se razlikuje od nevtralnega atoma - običajno dosežejo konfiguracijo najbližjega žlahtnega plina.
Masno število v zapisu izotopa je celo število, atomska masa v periodnem sistemu pa decimalno - to je povprečje mas vseh naravnih izotopov.
Pri ionih pazi: Na⁺ ima 11 protonov, a le 10 elektronov, zato je pozitiven. Cl⁻ ima 17 protonov in 18 elektronov, zato je negativen.
Za test: Z = št. protonov = št. elektronov (nevtralen atom), A = protoni + nevtroni, perioda = najvišja lupina, skupina = valenčni elektroni!
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Brad T
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Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
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The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
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Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
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THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
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This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Osnove atomske zgradbe in periodnega sistema
Atomska zgradba je temelj za razumevanje kemije - od tega, kako so elektroni razporejeni v atomu, je odvisno, kako se elementi obnašajo in povezujejo med seboj. Periodni sistem ni le tabela elementov, ampak pravi zemljevid, ki nam razkrije vzorce v... Show more
Osnove atomske zgradbe
Atom je kot miniaturno osončje - v središču je jedro s protoni in nevtroni, okoli njega pa krožijo elektroni po določenih energijskih nivojih. Razporeditev elektronov določa, kako se element obnaša v kemijskih reakcijah.
Vrstno število (Z) pove število protonov in hkrati "identiteto" elementa. V nevtralnem atomu je število elektronov enako številu protonov. Masno število (A) pa je vsota protonov in nevtronov v jedru.
Izotopi so atomi istega elementa z različnim številom nevtronov. Na primer ogljik lahko ima 12, 13 ali 14 delcev v jedru - vsi so še vedno ogljik, ker imajo 6 protonov.
Zapomni si: Število protonov = vrstno število = "osebna izkaznica" elementa!
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Elektronska konfiguracija in orbitale
Elektronska konfiguracija je način, kako zapišemo razporeditev elektronov po orbitalah. Orbitale so prostori, kjer najverjetneje najdemo elektron - vsaka sprejme največ 2 elektrona.
Poznamo štiri tipe orbital: s orbitale (krogla, 1 orbitala), p orbitale (ročke, 3 orbitale), d orbitale (5 orbital) in f orbitale (7 orbital). Elektroni najprej zapolnijo orbitale z nižjo energijo.
Tri zlata pravila zapolnjevanja: Aufbaujev princip (od najnižje energije navzgor), Pavlijevo načelo (v orbitali največ 2 elektrona z nasprotnim spinom) in Hundovo pravilo (v orbitalah z enako energijo najprej po eden elektron).
Pazi: 4s orbitala ima nižjo energijo kot 3d - to je pogosta past na testih!
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Vrstni red zapolnjevanja orbital
Elektroni zapolnjujejo orbitale po določenem vrstnem redu: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p... Ta vrstni red si lahko zapomniš s pomočjo diagonalne sheme v periodnem sistemu.
Hundovo pravilo pomeni, da v treh p orbitalah elektroni najprej zapolnijo vsako z enim elektronom (↑↑↑), šele nato se začnejo pariti (↑↓↑↓↑↓). To je kot sedenje v avtobusu - najprej se posede vsak sam, šele nato skupaj.
Pavlijevo načelo zahteva, da sta elektrona v isti orbitali z nasprotnim spinom. To predstavimo s puščicama gor in dol (↑↓).
Nasvet: Pri reševanju nalog vedno najprej preštej elektrone, nato jih razporedi po orbitalah!
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Povezava s periodnim sistemom
Perioda (vrstica) pove številko najvišje zasedene elektronske lupine. Elementi v 3. periodi imajo valenčne elektrone v 3. lupini .
Skupina (stolpec) za glavne skupine pove število valenčnih elektronov. 1. skupina ima 1 valenčni elektron, 17. skupina (halogeni) jih ima 7, 18. skupina (žlahtni plini) pa 8 (razen helij).
Periodni sistem je razdeljen na bloke: s-blok (skupini 1 in 2), p-blok , d-blok (prehodne kovine) in f-blok (lantanoidi in aktinoidi). Ime bloka pove, katera orbitala se zadnja polni.
Povezava: Elementi v isti skupini imajo podobne lastnosti, ker imajo enako število valenčnih elektronov!
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Praktični primeri
Za klor razporedimo 17 elektronov: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁵. Najvišja lupina je n=3 z 2+5=7 elektroni, zato je klor v 17. skupini.
Če imamo konfiguracijo 1s²2s²2p⁶3s², preštejemo elektrone: 2+2+6+2=12. To je magnezij (Mg), ki je v 3. periodi in 2. skupini (2 valenčna elektrona).
Za izotop ³⁹K: kalij ima Z=19, torej 19 protonov in 19 elektronov. Število nevtronov = A-Z = 39-19 = 20.
Trik: Za krajši zapis uporabi žlahtni plin iz prejšnje periode: Cl = [Ne]3s²3p⁵
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Ioni in dodatni nasveti
Ioni nastanejo z oddajanjem ali sprejemanjem elektronov. Njihova elektronska konfiguracija se razlikuje od nevtralnega atoma - običajno dosežejo konfiguracijo najbližjega žlahtnega plina.
Masno število v zapisu izotopa je celo število, atomska masa v periodnem sistemu pa decimalno - to je povprečje mas vseh naravnih izotopov.
Pri ionih pazi: Na⁺ ima 11 protonov, a le 10 elektronov, zato je pozitiven. Cl⁻ ima 17 protonov in 18 elektronov, zato je negativen.
Za test: Z = št. protonov = št. elektronov (nevtralen atom), A = protoni + nevtroni, perioda = najvišja lupina, skupina = valenčni elektroni!
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We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user