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Updated Apr 12, 2026
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Osnove spektroskopskih metod: UV-Vis in IR
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Osnove spektroskopskih metod
Predstavljaj si, da ima vsaka snov svoj "prstni odtis" iz svetlobe. Ko molekule absorbirajo elektromagnetno sevanje pri točno določenih valovnih dolžinah, lahko ugotovimo, kaj imamo pred sabo.
Spektroskopija ti omogoča dva pomembna odgovora: kaj je v vzorcu (kvalitativna analiza) in koliko te snovi je tam (kvantitativna analiza). To je kot da imaš rentgen za molekule.
Ključni pojmi, ki jih moraš obvladati: spekter je graf, ki prikazuje absorpcijo pri različnih valovnih dolžinah. Absorpcija se zgodi, ko molekule vsrkajo energijo fotona in skočijo na višji energijski nivo. Transmisivnost (T) pove, koliko svetlobe pride skozi vzorec - vrednosti so med 0 in 1.
💡 Nasvet: Spektroskopija je kot glasba - vsaka molekula "poje" pri svoji frekvenci!
Transmisivnost in absorbanca
Formula za transmisivnost: T = I/I₀, kjer je I₀ intenziteta vpadne svetlobe in I intenziteta, ki pride skozi vzorec. Preprosto povedano - če pride skozi polovica svetlobe, je T = 0,5.
Absorbanca (A) je bolj uporabna, ker je linearno povezana s koncentracijo. Formula: A = -log(T) = log. To pomeni, da če se transmisivnost zmanjša za 10-krat, se absorbanca poveča za 1.
Pomembno je razumeti, da je absorbanca logaritemska lestvica. To omogoča enostavnejše računanje s koncentracijami in je zato bolj praktična za analitske namene.
💡 Zapomniti si: Visoka absorbanca = nizka transmisivnost = vzorec absorbira veliko svetlobe!
UV-Vis spektroskopija
UV-Vis spektroskopija uporablja ultravijolično in vidno svetlobo . Gre za absorpcijo, ki povzroči elektronske prehode - elektroni skočijo iz osnovnega v vzbujeno stanje.
Najpomembnejši so π → π* prehodi v konjugiranih sistemih. Kromofor je del molekule, odgovoren za absorpcijo - običajno so to dvojne vezi ali konjugirani sistemi. Večja konjugacija pomeni absorpcijo pri daljših valovnih dolžinah.
Beer-Lambertov zakon je temelj kvantitativne analize: A = ε·c·l. Tu je A absorbanca, ε molarna absorptivnost (konstanta za snov), c koncentracija in l dolžina poti svetlobe. Ta zakon velja za razredčene raztopine.
Uporaba: določanje koncentracije barvnih snovi in identifikacija na podlagi λmax (valovna dolžina maksimalne absorpcije).
💡 Za maturo: Beer-Lambertov zakon moraš znati na pamet - A = ε·c·l!
IR spektroskopija
Infrardeča spektroskopija uporablja IR sevanje in povzroča molekulske vibracije namesto elektronskih prehodov. Energija IR fotona mora natančno ustrezati energiji vibracije vezi.
IR spekter ima dva ključna dela: področje funkcionalnih skupin , kjer prepoznaš O-H, C=O, C-H in druge značilne skupine, ter področje prstnega odtisa , ki je unikaten za vsako molekulo.
Vezi si predstavljaj kot vzmeti - lahko se raztegujejo ali upogibajo. Vsaka vrsta vezi vibrira pri svoji frekvenci. C-H vibracije so okoli 3000 cm⁻¹, C=O okoli 1700 cm⁻¹, O-H pa okoli 3300-3500 cm⁻¹.
Glavni namen IR spektroskopije je kvalitativna analiza - identifikacija funkcionalnih skupin in določanje strukture molekule.
💡 Praktičen nasvet: V IR spektru se osredotoči na področje nad 1500 cm⁻¹ - tam so ključne informacije!
Rešeni primer - Beer-Lambertov zakon
Pri kvantitativni analizi s KMnO₄ pri 525 nm z absorbanco A = 0,435 in ε = 2450 L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹ v kiveti debeline 1,00 cm izračunamo koncentracijo.
Uporabimo A = ε·c·l in izrazimo c: c = A/(ε·l). Vstavimo vrednosti: c = 0,435/(2450 × 1,00) = 1,78 × 10⁻⁴ M.
Pomembno: pri Beer-Lambertovem zakonu pazi na enote! Koncentracija mora biti v mol/L, dolžina poti v cm, da se ujema z enoto za ε.
Postopek: zapiši podatke, formulo, izrazi neznanko, vstaviti vrednosti, izračunaj in zaokroži na ustrezno število mest. To je standardni pristop pri vseh spektroskopskih računih.
💡 Za uspeh: Vedno preveri enote in rezultat zapiši z znanstveno notacijo!
Interpretacija IR spektra
Pri interpretaciji IR spektra se osredotoči na ključne trakove. Širok trak pri 3350 cm⁻¹ kaže na O-H raztezno vibracijo, oster trak pri 1710 cm⁻¹ na C=O skupino, trakovi med 2850-3000 cm⁻¹ pa na C-H vibracije.
Kombinacija O-H in C=O pri teh frekvencah kaže na karboksilno skupino . To je tipičen primer, kako iz IR spektra sklepamo na strukturo.
Ne poskušaj interpretirati vsakega traku, posebno ne v področju prstnega odtisa. Osredotoči se na značilne trakove funkcionalnih skupin nad 1500 cm⁻¹.
Ključne razlike metod: UV-Vis za elektronske prehode in kvantitativno analizo, IR za molekulske vibracije in identifikacijo funkcionalnih skupin. UV-Vis pove "koliko", IR pove "kaj".
💡 Praktično: IR spekter beri kot "kemijski podpis" - vsaka funkcionalna skupina ima svoj značilni trak!
Povzetek za ponavljanje
Spektroskopija temelji na interakciji snovi z elektromagnetnim sevanjem. Vsaka metoda ima svoj namen in področje uporabe.
UV-Vis spektroskopija: elektronski prehodi, Beer-Lambertov zakon A = ε·c·l, kvantitativna analiza barvnih snovi. Pomemben je kromofor in konjugacija.
IR spektroskopija: molekulske vibracije, identifikacija funkcionalnih skupin. Spekter ima področje funkcionalnih skupin in področje prstnega odtisa .
Za maturo obvladaj Beer-Lambertov zakon, razlikuj med absorbanco in transmisivnostjo, ter prepoznaj glavne IR trakove .
💡 Za maturo: Spektroskopija je orodje kemika - z njo "vidiš" molekule in jih analiziraš!
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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
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I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
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Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
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In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
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I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Osnove spektroskopskih metod: UV-Vis in IR
Spektroskopija je kot detektivsko delo v kemiji - uporabljamo svetlobo, da odkrijemo, kaj je v vzorcu in koliko. To je ena najbolj uporabnih metod v analitski kemiji, ki bo ključna za tvojo maturo in nadaljnje študij.
Osnove spektroskopskih metod
Predstavljaj si, da ima vsaka snov svoj "prstni odtis" iz svetlobe. Ko molekule absorbirajo elektromagnetno sevanje pri točno določenih valovnih dolžinah, lahko ugotovimo, kaj imamo pred sabo.
Spektroskopija ti omogoča dva pomembna odgovora: kaj je v vzorcu (kvalitativna analiza) in koliko te snovi je tam (kvantitativna analiza). To je kot da imaš rentgen za molekule.
Ključni pojmi, ki jih moraš obvladati: spekter je graf, ki prikazuje absorpcijo pri različnih valovnih dolžinah. Absorpcija se zgodi, ko molekule vsrkajo energijo fotona in skočijo na višji energijski nivo. Transmisivnost (T) pove, koliko svetlobe pride skozi vzorec - vrednosti so med 0 in 1.
💡 Nasvet: Spektroskopija je kot glasba - vsaka molekula "poje" pri svoji frekvenci!
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Transmisivnost in absorbanca
Formula za transmisivnost: T = I/I₀, kjer je I₀ intenziteta vpadne svetlobe in I intenziteta, ki pride skozi vzorec. Preprosto povedano - če pride skozi polovica svetlobe, je T = 0,5.
Absorbanca (A) je bolj uporabna, ker je linearno povezana s koncentracijo. Formula: A = -log(T) = log. To pomeni, da če se transmisivnost zmanjša za 10-krat, se absorbanca poveča za 1.
Pomembno je razumeti, da je absorbanca logaritemska lestvica. To omogoča enostavnejše računanje s koncentracijami in je zato bolj praktična za analitske namene.
💡 Zapomniti si: Visoka absorbanca = nizka transmisivnost = vzorec absorbira veliko svetlobe!
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UV-Vis spektroskopija
UV-Vis spektroskopija uporablja ultravijolično in vidno svetlobo . Gre za absorpcijo, ki povzroči elektronske prehode - elektroni skočijo iz osnovnega v vzbujeno stanje.
Najpomembnejši so π → π* prehodi v konjugiranih sistemih. Kromofor je del molekule, odgovoren za absorpcijo - običajno so to dvojne vezi ali konjugirani sistemi. Večja konjugacija pomeni absorpcijo pri daljših valovnih dolžinah.
Beer-Lambertov zakon je temelj kvantitativne analize: A = ε·c·l. Tu je A absorbanca, ε molarna absorptivnost (konstanta za snov), c koncentracija in l dolžina poti svetlobe. Ta zakon velja za razredčene raztopine.
Uporaba: določanje koncentracije barvnih snovi in identifikacija na podlagi λmax (valovna dolžina maksimalne absorpcije).
💡 Za maturo: Beer-Lambertov zakon moraš znati na pamet - A = ε·c·l!
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IR spektroskopija
Infrardeča spektroskopija uporablja IR sevanje in povzroča molekulske vibracije namesto elektronskih prehodov. Energija IR fotona mora natančno ustrezati energiji vibracije vezi.
IR spekter ima dva ključna dela: področje funkcionalnih skupin , kjer prepoznaš O-H, C=O, C-H in druge značilne skupine, ter področje prstnega odtisa , ki je unikaten za vsako molekulo.
Vezi si predstavljaj kot vzmeti - lahko se raztegujejo ali upogibajo. Vsaka vrsta vezi vibrira pri svoji frekvenci. C-H vibracije so okoli 3000 cm⁻¹, C=O okoli 1700 cm⁻¹, O-H pa okoli 3300-3500 cm⁻¹.
Glavni namen IR spektroskopije je kvalitativna analiza - identifikacija funkcionalnih skupin in določanje strukture molekule.
💡 Praktičen nasvet: V IR spektru se osredotoči na področje nad 1500 cm⁻¹ - tam so ključne informacije!
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Rešeni primer - Beer-Lambertov zakon
Pri kvantitativni analizi s KMnO₄ pri 525 nm z absorbanco A = 0,435 in ε = 2450 L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹ v kiveti debeline 1,00 cm izračunamo koncentracijo.
Uporabimo A = ε·c·l in izrazimo c: c = A/(ε·l). Vstavimo vrednosti: c = 0,435/(2450 × 1,00) = 1,78 × 10⁻⁴ M.
Pomembno: pri Beer-Lambertovem zakonu pazi na enote! Koncentracija mora biti v mol/L, dolžina poti v cm, da se ujema z enoto za ε.
Postopek: zapiši podatke, formulo, izrazi neznanko, vstaviti vrednosti, izračunaj in zaokroži na ustrezno število mest. To je standardni pristop pri vseh spektroskopskih računih.
💡 Za uspeh: Vedno preveri enote in rezultat zapiši z znanstveno notacijo!
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Interpretacija IR spektra
Pri interpretaciji IR spektra se osredotoči na ključne trakove. Širok trak pri 3350 cm⁻¹ kaže na O-H raztezno vibracijo, oster trak pri 1710 cm⁻¹ na C=O skupino, trakovi med 2850-3000 cm⁻¹ pa na C-H vibracije.
Kombinacija O-H in C=O pri teh frekvencah kaže na karboksilno skupino . To je tipičen primer, kako iz IR spektra sklepamo na strukturo.
Ne poskušaj interpretirati vsakega traku, posebno ne v področju prstnega odtisa. Osredotoči se na značilne trakove funkcionalnih skupin nad 1500 cm⁻¹.
Ključne razlike metod: UV-Vis za elektronske prehode in kvantitativno analizo, IR za molekulske vibracije in identifikacijo funkcionalnih skupin. UV-Vis pove "koliko", IR pove "kaj".
💡 Praktično: IR spekter beri kot "kemijski podpis" - vsaka funkcionalna skupina ima svoj značilni trak!
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Povzetek za ponavljanje
Spektroskopija temelji na interakciji snovi z elektromagnetnim sevanjem. Vsaka metoda ima svoj namen in področje uporabe.
UV-Vis spektroskopija: elektronski prehodi, Beer-Lambertov zakon A = ε·c·l, kvantitativna analiza barvnih snovi. Pomemben je kromofor in konjugacija.
IR spektroskopija: molekulske vibracije, identifikacija funkcionalnih skupin. Spekter ima področje funkcionalnih skupin in področje prstnega odtisa .
Za maturo obvladaj Beer-Lambertov zakon, razlikuj med absorbanco in transmisivnostjo, ter prepoznaj glavne IR trakove .
💡 Za maturo: Spektroskopija je orodje kemika - z njo "vidiš" molekule in jih analiziraš!
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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4.7/5
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user