Každý atóm má svoje "rodné číslo" - protónové a nukleónové... Show more
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Updated Mar 13, 2026
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Čo je protónové a nukleónové číslo?
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Základy atómov a kľúčové pojmy
Atómy sú ako malé planétky - v strede majú jadro s protónmi a neutrónmi, okolo ktorého lietajú elektróny. Protóny majú kladný náboj (+1), elektróny záporný (-1) a neutróny sú neutrálne.
Protónové číslo (Z) je ako identifikačné číslo prvku. Hovorí ti, koľko protónov má atóm v jadre. Ak má atóm 6 protónov, je to vždy uhlík, ak má 8 protónov, je to vždy kyslík.
V neutrálnom atóme sa počet protónov vždy rovná počtu elektrónov. Prečo? Lebo kladné a záporné náboje sa navzájom vyrušia. Protónové číslo nájdeš v periodickej tabuľke ako menšie celé číslo nad symbolom prvku.
Tip: Protónové číslo sa nikdy nemení pre ten istý prvok - je to jeho jedinečná "totožnosť"!
Nukleónové číslo a výpočty
Nukleónové číslo (A) ti povie, aká je približná hmotnosť atómu. Je to súčet protónov a neutrónov v jadre, lebo elektróny sú tak ľahké, že sa počítajú.
Vzorec je jednoduchý: A = Z + počet neutrónov. Ak chceš zistiť počet neutrónov, stačí ti: počet neutrónov = A - Z.
Atóm sa zapisuje ako ᴬzX, kde X je symbol prvku, A je nukleónové číslo (hore) a Z je protónové číslo (dole). Napríklad ¹²₆C znamená uhlík s 6 protónmi a 6 neutrónmi.
Pamätaj: Nukleónové číslo je vždy väčšie alebo rovné protónovému číslu!
Izotopy - rovnaký prvok, iná hmotnosť
Izotopy sú atómy toho istého prvku, ktoré majú rovnaký počet protónov, ale rôzny počet neutrónov. Majú teda rovnaké Z, ale rôzne A.
Dobrý príklad je vodík: bežný vodík ¹₁H má 1 protón a 0 neutrónov, deutérium ²₁H má 1 protón a 1 neutrón, trícium ³₁H má 1 protón a 2 neutróny. Všetky tri sú stále vodík!
Izotopy sa správajú chemicky rovnako, lebo majú rovnaký počet protónov a elektrónov. Líšia sa len hmotnosťou kvôli rôznemu počtu neutrónov.
Kľúč k úspechu: Izotopy = rovnaké protóny, rôzne neutróny!
Praktické príklady na precvičenie
Pre kyslík ¹⁶₈O: Z = 8, A = 16, má 8 protónov, 8 elektrónov (neutrálny atóm) a 8 neutrónov (16-8=8).
Pre sodík ²³₁₁Na: Z = 11, A = 23, má 11 protónov, 11 elektrónov a 12 neutrónov (23-11=12).
Keď máš ³⁵₁₇Cl a ³⁷₁₇Cl, sú to izotopy chlóru. Oba majú 17 protónov, ale prvý má 18 neutrónov a druhý 20 neutrónov.
Pre test si zapamätaj: Z = počet protónov = počet elektrónov (pre neutrálny atóm), A = protóny + neutróny!
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Stefan S
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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
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Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
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In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
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This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
Čo je protónové a nukleónové číslo?
Každý atóm má svoje "rodné číslo" - protónové a nukleónové číslo. Tieto čísla ti povedia všetko potrebné o tom, z čoho sa atóm skladá a aký je to prvok. Bez nich by sme sa v chémii vôbec nevedeli orientovať!
Základy atómov a kľúčové pojmy
Atómy sú ako malé planétky - v strede majú jadro s protónmi a neutrónmi, okolo ktorého lietajú elektróny. Protóny majú kladný náboj (+1), elektróny záporný (-1) a neutróny sú neutrálne.
Protónové číslo (Z) je ako identifikačné číslo prvku. Hovorí ti, koľko protónov má atóm v jadre. Ak má atóm 6 protónov, je to vždy uhlík, ak má 8 protónov, je to vždy kyslík.
V neutrálnom atóme sa počet protónov vždy rovná počtu elektrónov. Prečo? Lebo kladné a záporné náboje sa navzájom vyrušia. Protónové číslo nájdeš v periodickej tabuľke ako menšie celé číslo nad symbolom prvku.
Tip: Protónové číslo sa nikdy nemení pre ten istý prvok - je to jeho jedinečná "totožnosť"!
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Nukleónové číslo a výpočty
Nukleónové číslo (A) ti povie, aká je približná hmotnosť atómu. Je to súčet protónov a neutrónov v jadre, lebo elektróny sú tak ľahké, že sa počítajú.
Vzorec je jednoduchý: A = Z + počet neutrónov. Ak chceš zistiť počet neutrónov, stačí ti: počet neutrónov = A - Z.
Atóm sa zapisuje ako ᴬzX, kde X je symbol prvku, A je nukleónové číslo (hore) a Z je protónové číslo (dole). Napríklad ¹²₆C znamená uhlík s 6 protónmi a 6 neutrónmi.
Pamätaj: Nukleónové číslo je vždy väčšie alebo rovné protónovému číslu!
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Izotopy - rovnaký prvok, iná hmotnosť
Izotopy sú atómy toho istého prvku, ktoré majú rovnaký počet protónov, ale rôzny počet neutrónov. Majú teda rovnaké Z, ale rôzne A.
Dobrý príklad je vodík: bežný vodík ¹₁H má 1 protón a 0 neutrónov, deutérium ²₁H má 1 protón a 1 neutrón, trícium ³₁H má 1 protón a 2 neutróny. Všetky tri sú stále vodík!
Izotopy sa správajú chemicky rovnako, lebo majú rovnaký počet protónov a elektrónov. Líšia sa len hmotnosťou kvôli rôznemu počtu neutrónov.
Kľúč k úspechu: Izotopy = rovnaké protóny, rôzne neutróny!
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Praktické príklady na precvičenie
Pre kyslík ¹⁶₈O: Z = 8, A = 16, má 8 protónov, 8 elektrónov (neutrálny atóm) a 8 neutrónov (16-8=8).
Pre sodík ²³₁₁Na: Z = 11, A = 23, má 11 protónov, 11 elektrónov a 12 neutrónov (23-11=12).
Keď máš ³⁵₁₇Cl a ³⁷₁₇Cl, sú to izotopy chlóru. Oba majú 17 protónov, ale prvý má 18 neutrónov a druhý 20 neutrónov.
Pre test si zapamätaj: Z = počet protónov = počet elektrónov (pre neutrálny atóm), A = protóny + neutróny!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user