古文って最初は難しく感じるけど、基本ルールを覚えれば意外とパターンが決まってるんだ。昔の人の生活や考え方を知れるし、共通テストでも重要な科目だから、しっかり基礎を固めておこう。
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Updated Mar 16, 2026
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古文入門：基本語彙と文法の学び
1 / 5
古文の基本ルールと重要用語
古文は現代語と違うルールで書かれてるから、まず基本的な用語を押さえることが超大切だよ。
歴史的仮名遣いは昔の文章の書き方で、これが読めないと何も始まらない。品詞や活用は現代語と似てるけど、古文特有のものもある。特に係り結びは古文だけの特殊なルールだから要注意。
古文単語は現代語と同じ文字でも意味が全然違うことが多い。例えば「おかし」は「面白い、趣がある」という意味で、現代の「おかしい」とは別物なんだ。
重要ポイント: 古文単語は現代語の意味で解釈しちゃダメ！必ず古文での意味を覚えよう。
歴史的仮名遣いの読み方
古文を読むための第一歩。いくつかの基本ルールを覚えれば、ほとんどの文章が読めるようになるよ。
語頭以外の「はひふへほ」は「わいうえお」と読む。「かは」→「かわ」、「あふ」→「あう」みたいな感じ。助詞の「は・へ・を」は特別で、それぞれ「わ・え・お」と読むんだ。
「ゐ・ゑ」は「い・え」、「む」は文中や文末で「ん」になる。長音も要注意で、「たう」→「とう」、「けふ」→「きょう」のように変化する。
覚え方のコツ: 例外もあるから、新しい単語に出会ったら一つずつ確認していこう！
動詞の活用の種類
古文の動詞活用は9種類もあるけど、まずは代表的なものから攻略しよう。活用は未然・連用・終止・連体・已然・命令の6つの形がある。
四段活用が最も基本的で、多くの動詞がこれに当てはまる。上一段活用は「見る・着る」など少数で、活用の音がイ段だけ。下一段活用は「蹴る」の一語のみ。
カ変は「来(く)」、サ変は「す・おはす」だけ。これらは丸暗記するしかない。
見分け方: 動詞に「ず」をつけて、直前の音がア段なら四段、イ段なら上一段、エ段なら下一段活用だよ！
実践的な古文読解
『おくのほそ道』の「月日は百代の過客にして、行きかふ年もまた旅人なり」で練習してみよう。
「行きかふ」を分析すると、まず歴史的仮名遣いを「行きかう」に直す。次に品詞を確認して動詞だと判断。「年」という名詞の前にあるから連体形で、「ず」をつけて「行きかはず」となるからハ行四段活用だ。
文末の「なり」は断定の助動詞で、現代語の「である」と同じ意味。このように一つ一つの単語を丁寧に分析していくのが基本だよ。
読解のポイント: 古文では主語がよく省略されるから、誰が何をしているのか文脈から読み取ろう！
テスト対策と重要ポイント
テストで点を取るために絶対に注意すべきポイントがある。
古文単語の意味は現代語で解釈しないこと。特に多義語（意味がたくさんある単語）は要注意だ。助動詞の識別も重要で、同じ「なり」でも断定と伝聞・推定の違いがある。
敬語は登場人物の関係性を理解するのに超重要。誰から誰への敬意なのか常に意識しよう。
読解の手順は：歴史的仮名遣いを現代仮名遣いに直す→単語の意味を調べる→活用形を特定する→係り結びをチェック→省略された主語を補う、という流れだ。
最重要: 基礎は地味だけど、これができないと応用問題は絶対に解けない。特に動詞の活用と歴史的仮名遣いは完璧にしておこう！
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Most popular content in TOEIC
Most popular content
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
古文入門：基本語彙と文法の学び
古文って最初は難しく感じるけど、基本ルールを覚えれば意外とパターンが決まってるんだ。昔の人の生活や考え方を知れるし、共通テストでも重要な科目だから、しっかり基礎を固めておこう。
古文の基本ルールと重要用語
古文は現代語と違うルールで書かれてるから、まず基本的な用語を押さえることが超大切だよ。
歴史的仮名遣いは昔の文章の書き方で、これが読めないと何も始まらない。品詞や活用は現代語と似てるけど、古文特有のものもある。特に係り結びは古文だけの特殊なルールだから要注意。
古文単語は現代語と同じ文字でも意味が全然違うことが多い。例えば「おかし」は「面白い、趣がある」という意味で、現代の「おかしい」とは別物なんだ。
重要ポイント: 古文単語は現代語の意味で解釈しちゃダメ！必ず古文での意味を覚えよう。
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
歴史的仮名遣いの読み方
古文を読むための第一歩。いくつかの基本ルールを覚えれば、ほとんどの文章が読めるようになるよ。
語頭以外の「はひふへほ」は「わいうえお」と読む。「かは」→「かわ」、「あふ」→「あう」みたいな感じ。助詞の「は・へ・を」は特別で、それぞれ「わ・え・お」と読むんだ。
「ゐ・ゑ」は「い・え」、「む」は文中や文末で「ん」になる。長音も要注意で、「たう」→「とう」、「けふ」→「きょう」のように変化する。
覚え方のコツ: 例外もあるから、新しい単語に出会ったら一つずつ確認していこう！
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
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動詞の活用の種類
古文の動詞活用は9種類もあるけど、まずは代表的なものから攻略しよう。活用は未然・連用・終止・連体・已然・命令の6つの形がある。
四段活用が最も基本的で、多くの動詞がこれに当てはまる。上一段活用は「見る・着る」など少数で、活用の音がイ段だけ。下一段活用は「蹴る」の一語のみ。
カ変は「来(く)」、サ変は「す・おはす」だけ。これらは丸暗記するしかない。
見分け方: 動詞に「ず」をつけて、直前の音がア段なら四段、イ段なら上一段、エ段なら下一段活用だよ！
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
実践的な古文読解
『おくのほそ道』の「月日は百代の過客にして、行きかふ年もまた旅人なり」で練習してみよう。
「行きかふ」を分析すると、まず歴史的仮名遣いを「行きかう」に直す。次に品詞を確認して動詞だと判断。「年」という名詞の前にあるから連体形で、「ず」をつけて「行きかはず」となるからハ行四段活用だ。
文末の「なり」は断定の助動詞で、現代語の「である」と同じ意味。このように一つ一つの単語を丁寧に分析していくのが基本だよ。
読解のポイント: 古文では主語がよく省略されるから、誰が何をしているのか文脈から読み取ろう！
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
テスト対策と重要ポイント
テストで点を取るために絶対に注意すべきポイントがある。
古文単語の意味は現代語で解釈しないこと。特に多義語（意味がたくさんある単語）は要注意だ。助動詞の識別も重要で、同じ「なり」でも断定と伝聞・推定の違いがある。
敬語は登場人物の関係性を理解するのに超重要。誰から誰への敬意なのか常に意識しよう。
読解の手順は：歴史的仮名遣いを現代仮名遣いに直す→単語の意味を調べる→活用形を特定する→係り結びをチェック→省略された主語を補う、という流れだ。
最重要: 基礎は地味だけど、これができないと応用問題は絶対に解けない。特に動詞の活用と歴史的仮名遣いは完璧にしておこう！
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Most popular content in TOEIC
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Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user