平安時代が終わると、いよいよ武士が主役の時代がやってきたよ。源頼朝が作った鎌倉幕府は、日本で初めての武士の政府だったんだ。そして、この時代には外国から日本が攻められるという大事件「元寇」も起きたよ。
日本史探究
英語
数学
理科
TOEIC
国語
その他Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
22
•
Updated May 4, 2026
•
鎌倉幕府と元寇の歴史
1 / 5
鎌倉幕府の始まりと大事な用語
平清盛の平氏を倒した源頼朝が、1192年に征夷大将軍になって鎌倉に開いた政府が鎌倉幕府だよ。「いい国作ろう鎌倉幕府」って覚え方、聞いたことあるよね？
この時代の一番大切なしくみが**「御恩と奉公」という関係なんだ。将軍が御家人**（武士の家来）に土地をあげるのが「御恩」で、御家人が将軍のために戦うのが「奉公」だよ。お互いにメリットがあるから、みんな頑張って働いたんだね。
頼朝が亡くなった後は、奥さんの北条政子の一族が執権という役職について実際の政治を動かすようになったよ。全国には守護と地頭を置いて、軍事や土地の管理をさせたんだ。
ポイント：「御恩と奉公」は鎌倉幕府を支える一番大事な関係だから、絶対覚えておこう！
鎌倉幕府の政治システム
源頼朝は武士が政治をするための新しいしくみを鎌倉に作ったよ。幕府には3つの重要な役所があったんだ。
侍所は御家人をまとめる役所、政所は政治やお金の管理をする役所、問注所は裁判をする役所だった。これで武士たちがきちんと政治を行えるようになったんだね。
頼朝の死後は、息子の頼家や実朝が将軍になったけど力が弱かった。そこで北条氏が執権政治を始めて、実際の政治を動かすようになったよ。北条時政や北条政子が中心になって、幕府を支えていったんだ。
**ポイント：**将軍はトップだけど、実際の政治は執権の北条氏が行っていたことを覚えておこう！
元寇 - 外国からの大きな脅威
13世紀になると、中国を支配していた元の皇帝フビライ・ハンが日本に「従え」という手紙を送ってきたよ。でも執権の北条時宗は、日本の独立を守るためにこの要求を断ったんだ。
怒った元は2回も日本を攻めてきた。1回目が1274年の文永の役だよ。元と高麗の連合軍約3万人が九州北部に上陸して、てつはうという火薬の武器で日本の武士を苦しめた。でも暴風雨で元軍は引き上げていったんだ。
2回目が1281年の弘安の役。今度は約14万人の大軍で攻めてきたよ。幕府は博多湾に防塁という石の壁を築いて準備していた。日本の武士たちは前回より上手に戦ったけど、またしても大きな暴風雨が元軍を襲って、多くの船が沈んだんだ。
**ポイント：**この風を「神風」と呼んで、神様が日本を守ってくれたと考えられたよ！
元寇後の問題と幕府の衰退
日本は元寇に勝ったけど、実は幕府にとって大変なことになったんだ。戦争でお金をたくさん使ったし、外国との戦いだから新しい土地も手に入らなかった。
一番の問題は、命がけで戦った御家人たちに十分な**御恩（ほうび）**をあげられなかったことだよ。今までは戦いに勝つと敵の土地がもらえたけど、元寇では何ももらえなかった。御家人たちは「こんなに頑張ったのに...」って不満を持つようになったんだ。
幕府は徳政令という法律を出して、御家人が売った土地をタダで取り返せるようにした。でもこれで経済が混乱して、商人がお金を貸してくれなくなり、御家人の生活はもっと苦しくなっちゃった。こうして「御恩と奉公」の関係が崩れて、鎌倉幕府の力はどんどん弱くなっていったよ。
**ポイント：**元寇に勝ったのに幕府が弱くなるなんて、皮肉だよね。この流れはテストでよく出るから要注意！
テスト対策とまとめ
テストでよく出るポイントをまとめておくね。まず1192年に源頼朝が征夷大将軍になって鎌倉幕府を開いたこと、「御恩と奉公」の関係、北条氏の執権政治は絶対覚えよう。
元寇については、執権が北条時宗、元の皇帝がフビライ・ハン、2回の戦いが文永の役と弘安の役だったことを押さえておこう。特に「元寇に勝ったのに幕府が弱くなった理由」は、テストで説明問題として出やすいよ。
鎌倉時代は日本で初めて武士が政治の中心になった大切な時代だった。御家人と将軍の強い結びつきで成り立っていたけど、元寇をきっかけにその関係が崩れ始めたんだ。歴史って、勝ったからといって必ずしも良いことばかりじゃないってことがよく分かるよね。
**ポイント：**年号と人物名、そして出来事の因果関係をセットで覚えると、テストで応用問題が出ても大丈夫！
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Most popular content in 日本史探究
Most popular content
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
鎌倉幕府と元寇の歴史
平安時代が終わると、いよいよ武士が主役の時代がやってきたよ。源頼朝が作った鎌倉幕府は、日本で初めての武士の政府だったんだ。そして、この時代には外国から日本が攻められるという大事件「元寇」も起きたよ。
鎌倉幕府の始まりと大事な用語
平清盛の平氏を倒した源頼朝が、1192年に征夷大将軍になって鎌倉に開いた政府が鎌倉幕府だよ。「いい国作ろう鎌倉幕府」って覚え方、聞いたことあるよね？
この時代の一番大切なしくみが**「御恩と奉公」という関係なんだ。将軍が御家人**（武士の家来）に土地をあげるのが「御恩」で、御家人が将軍のために戦うのが「奉公」だよ。お互いにメリットがあるから、みんな頑張って働いたんだね。
頼朝が亡くなった後は、奥さんの北条政子の一族が執権という役職について実際の政治を動かすようになったよ。全国には守護と地頭を置いて、軍事や土地の管理をさせたんだ。
ポイント：「御恩と奉公」は鎌倉幕府を支える一番大事な関係だから、絶対覚えておこう！
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
鎌倉幕府の政治システム
源頼朝は武士が政治をするための新しいしくみを鎌倉に作ったよ。幕府には3つの重要な役所があったんだ。
侍所は御家人をまとめる役所、政所は政治やお金の管理をする役所、問注所は裁判をする役所だった。これで武士たちがきちんと政治を行えるようになったんだね。
頼朝の死後は、息子の頼家や実朝が将軍になったけど力が弱かった。そこで北条氏が執権政治を始めて、実際の政治を動かすようになったよ。北条時政や北条政子が中心になって、幕府を支えていったんだ。
**ポイント：**将軍はトップだけど、実際の政治は執権の北条氏が行っていたことを覚えておこう！
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
元寇 - 外国からの大きな脅威
13世紀になると、中国を支配していた元の皇帝フビライ・ハンが日本に「従え」という手紙を送ってきたよ。でも執権の北条時宗は、日本の独立を守るためにこの要求を断ったんだ。
怒った元は2回も日本を攻めてきた。1回目が1274年の文永の役だよ。元と高麗の連合軍約3万人が九州北部に上陸して、てつはうという火薬の武器で日本の武士を苦しめた。でも暴風雨で元軍は引き上げていったんだ。
2回目が1281年の弘安の役。今度は約14万人の大軍で攻めてきたよ。幕府は博多湾に防塁という石の壁を築いて準備していた。日本の武士たちは前回より上手に戦ったけど、またしても大きな暴風雨が元軍を襲って、多くの船が沈んだんだ。
**ポイント：**この風を「神風」と呼んで、神様が日本を守ってくれたと考えられたよ！
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
元寇後の問題と幕府の衰退
日本は元寇に勝ったけど、実は幕府にとって大変なことになったんだ。戦争でお金をたくさん使ったし、外国との戦いだから新しい土地も手に入らなかった。
一番の問題は、命がけで戦った御家人たちに十分な**御恩（ほうび）**をあげられなかったことだよ。今までは戦いに勝つと敵の土地がもらえたけど、元寇では何ももらえなかった。御家人たちは「こんなに頑張ったのに...」って不満を持つようになったんだ。
幕府は徳政令という法律を出して、御家人が売った土地をタダで取り返せるようにした。でもこれで経済が混乱して、商人がお金を貸してくれなくなり、御家人の生活はもっと苦しくなっちゃった。こうして「御恩と奉公」の関係が崩れて、鎌倉幕府の力はどんどん弱くなっていったよ。
**ポイント：**元寇に勝ったのに幕府が弱くなるなんて、皮肉だよね。この流れはテストでよく出るから要注意！
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
テスト対策とまとめ
テストでよく出るポイントをまとめておくね。まず1192年に源頼朝が征夷大将軍になって鎌倉幕府を開いたこと、「御恩と奉公」の関係、北条氏の執権政治は絶対覚えよう。
元寇については、執権が北条時宗、元の皇帝がフビライ・ハン、2回の戦いが文永の役と弘安の役だったことを押さえておこう。特に「元寇に勝ったのに幕府が弱くなった理由」は、テストで説明問題として出やすいよ。
鎌倉時代は日本で初めて武士が政治の中心になった大切な時代だった。御家人と将軍の強い結びつきで成り立っていたけど、元寇をきっかけにその関係が崩れ始めたんだ。歴史って、勝ったからといって必ずしも良いことばかりじゃないってことがよく分かるよね。
**ポイント：**年号と人物名、そして出来事の因果関係をセットで覚えると、テストで応用問題が出ても大丈夫！
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI companion is specifically built for the needs of students. Based on the millions of content pieces we have on the platform we can provide truly meaningful and relevant answers to students. But its not only about answers, the companion is even more about guiding students through their daily learning challenges, with personalised study plans, quizzes or content pieces in the chat and 100% personalisation based on the students skills and developments.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app in the Google Play Store and in the Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
0
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Practice Test ✓ Essay Outlines
Practice Test
Quiz
Flashcards
Essay
Most popular content in 日本史探究
Most popular content
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
I think it’s very much worth it and you’ll end up using it a lot once you get the hang of it and even after looking at others notes you can still ask your Artificial intelligence buddy the question and ask to simplify it if you still don’t get it!!! In the end I think it’s worth it 😊👍 ⚠️Also DID I MENTION ITS FREEE YOU DON’T HAVE TO PAY FOR ANYTHING AND STILL GET YOUR GRADES IN PERFECTLY❗️❗️⚠️
Thomas R
iOS user
Knowunity is the BEST app I’ve used in a minute. This is not an ai review or anything this is genuinely coming from a 7th grade student (I know 2011 im young) but dude this app is a 10/10 i have maintained a 3.8 gpa and have plenty of time for gaming. I love it and my mom is just happy I got good grades
Brad T
Android user
Not only did it help me find the answer but it also showed me alternative ways to solve it. I was horrible in math and science but now I have an a in both subjects. Thanks for the help🤍🤍
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
I found this app a couple years ago and it has only gotten better since then. I really love it because it can help with written questions and photo questions. Also, it can find study guides that other people have made as well as flashcard sets and practice tests. The free version is also amazing for students who might not be able to afford it. Would 100% recommend
Aubrey
iOS user
Best app if you're in Highschool or Junior high. I have been using this app for 2 school years and it's the best, it's good if you don't have anyone to help you with school work.😋🩷🎀
Marco B
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This app is phenomenal down to the correct info and the various topics you can study! I greatly recommend it for people who struggle with procrastination and those who need homework help. It has been perfectly accurate for world 1 history as far as I’ve seen! Geometry too!
Paul T
iOS user